中原大學九十學年度碩士班入學招生考試

4月28日  第1節     宗教研究所 誠實是我們珍視的美德,
我們喜愛「拒絕作弊,堅守正直」的你!
科目: 國文及英文 (共7頁 第1頁)

(國文部份)
一、 唐德宗貞元末年,韓愈旅經耒陽(今屬湖南省)木居士廟,見其中所供奉者,為一截因為生癭長瘤,以致看來頗似人形的老樹頭,遂作〈題木居士〉二首,其中一曰:
  火透波穿不計春,根如頭面榦如身
  偶然題作木居士,便有無窮求福人。
  你贊成韓愈的看法嗎?你自己對世人崇奉神明的行為有何見解?請說明。 10%
   
二、 請詳細閱讀下列資料,然:
 
(1) 將這些資料濃縮彙整為一篇研究報告。題目、段落自定,文長1000字以內。報告中若欲引用此處未曾提及的資料,註明出處。 20%
   
(2) 以「從舍利子談生論死」為題,寫作短文一篇,發抒你自己的生死觀。 20%
   
    西元一八九八年,法國人W. C. Pepp 氐在尼泊爾南境Piprava 地方考古時,發現了一個大石櫃,內藏石壺兩個及其他若干物件,其中一個石壺收有球狀形的骨灰若干,根據該壺所記的Brahmi 文字所知,原來這些骨灰便是紀元前四八六年左右,在印度死去的佛教教主釋迦牟尼的部份骨灰。根據佛教傳說,他的骨灰當時被分作八份,分別由印度的八個大小國家建塔祭祀。
    這些死人的骨灰,印度梵文稱作Sarira,原文意即遺骨灰,相當於英文的Ashes。中國佛教徒以後將這個字音譯成「舍利子」。但在中國,從來沒有過真正的釋迦牟尼骨灰,所有的都不過是死去了的所謂高僧的骨灰而已。中國佛教教徒對這些骨灰,視同至寶,恭恭敬敬地建塔祭祀。
    舍利兩字的印度梵文是Sarira,中文音譯成「舍利」,「設利羅」,「室利羅」,「實利」等等,但以後大家習用舍利兩字,有時另加「子」而成舍利子。梵文的原意是「體」,「身」,「遺身」,「骨身」、「靈骨」或「遺身」。即是指人死後的死屍或遺骨而言。《金光明經》卷四捨身品:「舍利者,或戒、定、慧之所熏修,甚難可得,最上福田。」印度的巴利稱「死屍」亦用Sarira,相當於英文的ashes,但為了尊敬釋迦佛的骨灰,使它與一人的骨有所區別起見,以後便將舍利子兩字專用作指釋迦的骨灰。但日子一久,「舍利」的用法更擴展應用到一切由火葬或土葬後的佛教徒遺骨上去了。在今日,舍利兩字已成了佛教的專有術語。但如按梵文原意來說,死人的遺骨都叫做舍利,這與死都生前的信仰佛教與否並無關係。但Sarira 一字既由佛教傳入中國,加上自南宋以後一人民被禁火葬,一律採用土葬,只有佛教徒才被允遵循印度習俗採行火葬,舍利這個術語便自然地成為佛教徒的專有品了。
    要言之,舍利是指人死後土葬或火葬後的遺體或遺骨灰而言。
    舍利可分「法頌舍利」和「身骨舍利」兩種。法頌舍利是專指釋迦佛的遺法(教訓),因為據說一切經典所在之處,即為有佛。但這種抽象的舍利不受一般人注意。今日許多人認為神祕不可測的舍利是指身骨舍利。這種舍利又可分成全身舍利子(土葬而成)和碎身舍利子(火葬而成)兩類。
    全身舍利並不是指肉體經土葬數年後,成為零碎散亂的那些大小骨頭而言,而是特指所謂「不壞身」,一個死人經過特別的土葬成法後能保全身完整的屍體而說。這聽來似覺十分神祕希奇,但只要知道其特殊的土葬法後,便會化神祕為平凡了。茲特引用佛教徒自己的話來說明如何獲得這個全身舍利。胡國偉居士說:「......羊毛出在羊身上,舍利出自死屍上,所以舍利又總名死屍,我們明白這一點,對舍利就容易了解。全身舍利,即所謂不壞身。此身出土而成,要配合地心的暖氣和棺或缸的度。佛門的土葬法是坐缸,以另一缸倒蓋而密封之。坐的缸置土中,蓋的缸露土上,另建圓形塔覆之(此塔非同一般的大塔,請注意,龔註)。這樣,陽光的熱力透過塔身,與塔內的地氣和合,又因缺封得密,外則蟲蟻不能入,內則細菌難滋長,由是體內易腐的臟腑就化水而為炭舍吸收,皮膚與筋絡則因暖氣而屑縮,把骨架連緊,三年開缸,便成全身」。但胡氏又別說明「俏封缸後露置過久,葬不得法,暖氣與密度又不適宜,則身骨便散。普通人棺葬,也有屍骨不散衣服不爛的,堪輿先生謂為好風水,俗人名曰養屍地......」(〈談舍利〉,覺世旬刊,民國四十六年五月廿一日)。
    胡氏在同文中指出,和尚因為吃素戒葷,所以霉爛的脂肪較少,再者,和尚由於離欲,減少精血的消耗,保持節絡的營養,所以死後較易得全身舍利。聽了胡居士的意見後,大家便能知道所謂「不壞身」,只是靠活人將死人葬得得法與不得法而已。如一個普通人死後依法泡製,相信亦有成為全身舍利的可能。
    碎身舍利也是指死屍經過火葬後的遺骨而言。根據佛教,其中又可分成白色的骨舍利,黑色的髮舍利,紅色的肉舍利三種。人的遺體經過高熱度的火化後,體內的各種質素起化學作用,而變成了凝結了晶體,這些東西便是舍利了。但胡氏以為這個也要配合熱度和氧化等適當條件才能獲得,換言之,全靠人為的處置方法而定。非佛教徒如用火葬,有時亦能燒得出來的。對此,胡氏也曾很公正地說:「如此說來,舍利並不是和尚的專利品,一般人民依法火葬,可能也有少許。」但和尚比普通人能燒得多一點。理由是和尚吃素,得自植物精華不少,和尚戒淫。,保留元氣較旺,和尚修定,骨髓較易凝,所以易結晶的精髓較常人為多云云。若是這個理由能夠成立,那麼任何一個人如只吃素,不結婚,並專心做靜坐修性的工夫,死後如經火葬,能如和尚般地燒出大量的舍利子來了。其實即使生前吃葷,結婚的人,火葬後亦能燒出一些結晶體(舍利)來的。有人以為要生前道心好的,永保戒律的佛教徒才能燒出舍利子來,也據此為標準,來判定某和尚生前的行為如何,如燒出舍利來,便證明生前為真佛教徒,不然,便會弄得身敗名裂。
    大概由於受了遺物崇拜信仰的影響,中國徒竟對已死去了的僧、尼以及名居士骨灰(舍利),產生了許多迷信。例如,有人說舍利子能預示人的命運如何。凡去觀看舍利的人,雖然在同一時期,同一地點,但隨著各人的業力和運氣的不同,各人對舍利所看到的顏色也都會不同的。據說,在家人以看到紅色,出家人以看到黃色為上,至於看到灰色和黑色都屬不利,必有喪亡云云。又如:
    舍利子會增生,亦會消失或變小,則因佩帶供養之人而異,依據藏珠師父的說法,此為每一個人的因緣不同所致。
    舍利可避災,有人躲過災厄,事後發現隨身佩帶之舍利子,竟變小或不見,而嘎嗚盒卻未見破洞缺口者。
    依據藏珠師父之說法,即將往生者,家屬可給予其吞入舍利子,可使其不往不墮。
    練內氣達一定程度者,試將舍利子置於掌心,當可有一番感受。
    入睡如有陰靈干擾,可將舍利嘎嗚盒或人骨念珠一百零八顆置於枕頭內,防止其侵犯。
    其實佛教講三世因果,人生所有的一切哀樂禍福,早經前世業力所定,絕非現在人力所能左右,或事先能夠知道的,舍利若能在右吉凶,與佛教思想本身矛盾。而且如說看見灰色和黑色舍利不祥,那麼舍利又怎麼辦呢?在佛教中明明承認有黑色髮舍利種。
    凡安置舍利子的塔叫做舍利塔,釋迦佛的遺體經火葬後,他的舍利被分成八分,安置於八個國家的舍利塔中,在中國,最早的舍利塔,相傳在三國時,康僧會和尚感得舍利子後,由吳之孫權建了第一座舍利塔。當紀元601年,元壽元年時,隋文帝曾令全國各州三十寺中各建舍利塔一座。翌年,又令五十二州中各建舍利塔(廣弘明集第十七)。但也有隋文帝共建舍利塔一百十一座之說。在這些舍利塔中,有一座建於蔣州(江蘇省南京攝山)棲霞寺,共計五層,全高約五十尺,用極精緻之灰黑色大理石築成。
    凡盛舍利的叫舍利瓶或稱為舍利壺、骨壺。製造這些盛器的材料有金屬、石器、陶器及木材等。但在今日若干中國佛教寺院中,常將名僧的舍利放在玻璃盤上,上覆以水晶蓋,這比較講究一點,也容易讓人觀看。
    供奉舍利子的宗教聚會叫做舍利會,或稱舍利報恩講或舍利懺法,據《分別善惡報應經》卷下的意見,凡有人供舍利,可得十種功德,例如能肉眼清淨、遠離愚癡......等等。

(英文部分)
第一部份: 單選題 (1-30題,每題1分; 31-35題,每題2分)
Direction: Choose the best answer for each question.
1. The author ______ wrote the book just arrived in Taipei.
  (A) whom (B) who (C) whoever (D) which
2. ______ they return from Canada, they'll stop by my place.
  (A) Since (B) who (C) Once (D) The sooner
3. I tell you once and for all that you should quit smoking.
  (A) once more (B) for the last time (C) again (D) one more time
4. ______ in Texas for ten years, she knew English very well.
  (A) Having lived (B) having been lived (C) Had lived (D) Had living
5. The outdoor concert was cancelled ______ the bad weather.
  (A) accordingly (B) because (C) owing to (D) resulting
6. If she had gone there last Sunday, she ______ it.
  (A) had seen (B) would see (C) would have seen (D) has seen
7. The music ______ was composed by Mozart.
  (A) that we heard (B) when we heard (C) would have seen (D) has seen
8. It's next to impossible for him to be on time.
  (A) never (B) almost (C) had (D) could
9. I wish I ______ known you earlier.
  (A) did (B) should (C) had (D) could
10. Did you ever get her a birthday gift?
  (A) Yes, I never did. (B) No, I ever did. (C) No, I never did. (D) No, I'll never do it.
11. Generally speaking, English is a(n) ______ language.
  (A) palpable (B) dead (C) prestige (D) universal
12. I ______ research on indoor air pollution, and I've found out that we're having more serious"sick building syndrome."
  (A) done (B) have been done (C) have been doing (D) have done
13. Drunk drivers put themselves and others on the road in ______.
  (A) distress (B) comfort (C) jeopardy (D) guilty
14. Many guests questioned Jane at the dinner party after her ______ comments on the host.
  (A) pessimistic (B) sarcastic (C) joyful (D) passive
15. According to the law, people who have ______ behaviors will be put into prison.
  (A) exemplary (B) disruptive (C) questionable (D) rhetorical
16. Karen was tempted to cheat on the exam but she didn't ______ her morality.
  (A) yield (B) succumb (C) compromise (D) keep
17. The collaboration between teachers and students has worked well, it is both creative and ______.
  (A) erroneous (B) innovative (C) ignorant (D) incompetent
18. In the beginning of the 20th century, it's ______ for a woman to have her own career.
  (A) natural (B) vital (C) traditional (D) unconventional
19. When his employee consistently delays the due date for the project, the boss often ______ that the employee is ______.
  (A) assumes...curious (B) infers...diligent (C) thinks...depraved (D) infers...indolent
20. Traditionally, female novelists have lacked the ______ independence and the ______ necessary to concentrate on writing.
  (A) intellectual...talent (B) emotional...motive (C) intelligent...gift (D) financial...leisure


  Apparently, college education is facing many challenges. One of the problems is that most college students don't pay much attention to school  (21)  Very Few students are  (22)  how to use those learning resources. Let's take some  (23)  . Do you know how to  (24)  up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the  (25)  the dictionary provides? Many colleges give students no  (26)  with these matters. Teachers demand students to  (27)  important context from the textbook, or give them writing assignments without explaining  (28)  to do it. In fact, it is more important if teachers could provide students with genuine  (29)  of a subject. Students shouldn't  (30)  most of time memorizing textbooks.
21. (A) terms (B) timetables  (C) agendas (D) themes
22. (A) trained (B) teach (C) taught (D) educated
23. (A) consequences  (B) teach (C) taught (D) samples
24. (A) look (B) looking (C) search (D) find
25. (A) subjects (B) themes (C) information  (D) suggestions
26. (A) comment (B) opinions (C) calendar (D) instruction
27. (A) memorize (B) reconsider (C) reject (D) reflect
28. (A) why (B) what (C) how (D) when
29. (A) understanding (B) telling (C) digest (D) memorizing
30. (A) usage (B) pass (C) allow (D) waste
 
  Many are skeptical about the effectiveness of gun control in reducing crime. The argument is that criminals will find the means to get guns and that the people who will be affected by gun control will be those who hunt. Should we sacrifice the hobby of killing animals to save human lives? Definitely. The crime bill will reduce the number of guns produced.
  Reducing the number of guns will decrease the number of accidents and the number of murders by first - time murderers. As banning guns reminds us that the function of a gun is to kill and that we should be able to live without guns. The ban will facilitate future bans.
  Hunters may suffer, but then again, soon virtual reality will allow them to kill as many animals as they want.
31. As used in this article, "ban" clearly means ______.
  (A) forbid (B) discourage (C) reduce (D) distinguish
32. The best topic of this article is
  (A) We shouldn't ban guns. (B) There shouldn't be hunting.
  (C) Guns should be controlled. (D) Guns should be banned despite hunter opposition.
33. What is the key "conception" of this article?
  (A) hunter's rights (B) crime reducing (C) gun control (D) virtual reality
34. This article suggests that
  (A) We shouldn't sacrifice the hobby of killing animals.
  (B) Banning guns is questionable and should be debated.
  (C) It's more important to save human life than protecting hunter's rights.
  (D) Virtual reality will allow hunters suffer.
35. Which statement is not true?
  (A) We should be able to live without guns.
  (B) Many are skeptical about the effectiveness of gun control.
  (C) The argument is that only the hunter -- not the criminal -- will be affected by the crime bill.
  (D) Banning guns will not facilitate future bans.
 
第二部份: 英文作文 (10分)
Direction: Write about 100 words describing your philosophy of life.

 


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